This association seems to be stronger when comparing CAPD with peripheral ARHL ( Yuan et al., 2018). Moreover, some longitudinal studies also suggested that age-related CAPD may be fundamental in determining an increased occurrence of incident cognitive decline and dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ( Panza et al., 2018a). This process requires cognitive-linguistic abilities, specifically working memory ( Craik, 2007 Rönnberg et al., 2013). A clear example of this link is when listeners should match rapid acoustic input with memorized word representations and phonemes to successfully extract the proper meaning of the message. However, speech perception impairment is also linked to other cognitive functions (i.e., executive and attentive functions). These problems can be related to degeneration of the central neural auditory pathways and are the direct consequence of the degeneration of linguistic abilities in the elderly ( Rönnberg et al., 2013). For this reason, it has also been defined as central presbycusis ( Gates, 2012).Īge-related CAPD presents specific characteristics: poor speech understanding in noisy environments, or with competing speech, or any other alteration in terms of acoustics features of speech perception ( Gates, 2012). Indeed, many longitudinal and cross-sectional studies showed that the occurrence of CAPD in the elderly increases with age ( Gates et al., 1996 Quaranta et al., 2014). This last presentation is distinguished from the other CAPD because aging is probably the main cause. However, this classification does not include presentations like age-related CAPD, also called central presbycusis, which may affect specifically older adults ( Iliadou et al., 2017). This disorder may be classified as developmental, acquired (i.e., as a consequence of infections, neurological diseases, stroke, or noise exposure), or secondary CAPD ( British Society of Audiology, 2017). Two forms of CAPD are currently classified in the ICD-10 as H93.25, specifically acquired and congenital forms ( World Health Organization, 2017). Among ARHL components, the age-related central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is defined as a peculiar deficit in the processing of auditory signals along the central auditory nervous system, including one or more areas of auditory discrimination, binaural and temporal processing, clinically featured in the elderly by the inability of understanding speech in a noisy environment ( American Academy of Audiology, 2010). ARHL is a well-recognized condition in older age with a high prevalence in the general population, being about 20% over 65 years old but increasing to 65% over 85 years ( Lin et al., 2011). It primarily consists of a high-frequency (4 to 8 kHz) increase of the hearing threshold ( Gates and Mills, 2005). Future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and the use of adequate assessment tools that can disentangle cognitive dysfunction from sensory impairments are warranted.Īge-related hearing loss (ARHL), known as presbycusis as well, is a progressive disorder that affects hearing functions. Finally, we highlight the importance of tailoring the rehabilitation strategy to this relationship. This review aims to summarize the evidence of associations between age-related CAPD and cognitive disorders and to define the diagnostic procedure of CAPD in the elderly. The assumption that ARHL, particularly age-related CAPD, may increase the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly remains unchallenged. Since these two disorders can be concomitant, drawing causal inferences is difficult. Therefore, age-related CAPD could be a specific process related to neurodegeneration. Even if very few studies have analyzed the relationship between cognitive decline and age-related CAPD, a strong association was highlighted. Peripheral ARHL has recently been defined as the modifiable risk factor with the greatest impact on the development of dementia. In the last two decades, the association between cognitive impairment and ARHL has received great attention. The relationship between auditory-perception and speech communication difficulties in age-related CAPD is difficult to establish, mainly because many older subjects have concomitant peripheral ARHL and age-related cognitive changes. Among ARHL components, the age-related central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) refers to changes in the auditory network, negatively impacting auditory perception and/or the speech communication performance. Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also called presbycusis, is a progressive disorder affecting hearing functions and among the elderly has been recognized as the third most frequent condition.
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